0 Tutorial. 00 m. Calculate the beamwidth of a helix antenna and the angles of the beamwidth. Pasternack's Antenna Downtilt Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, Homework Support Solutions Homework Support Solutions is a great way to get help with your homework. Quarter Wavelength m. 00 feet, Antenna Ht. This radio horizon vs. 37 km Over Horizon Over Horizon 1 0. The electrical tilt achieves this result as it is able to tune individual radiating elements of antenna array. 6th Central. Dipole Antenna Calculator. Search for: Recent Posts. Downtilt Calculators assist in determining the optimal angle for an antenna’s tilt concerning the horizontal plane. CAPACITY OF WCDMA NETWORK for radio network planners to optimize networks. 29 Over Horizon Over Horizon 2 0. Share. Antenna Downtilt Angle Calculator; Antenna Near Field & Far Field Distance Calculator; Dipole Antenna Length Calculator; Helical Antenna Design Calculator An Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator, or Antenna Tilt Calculator, aids the user by providing an approximate downward angle at which to install a directional antenna to reach desired signal strength and coverage between a transmitter and receiver at different heights and some distance away. Antenna downtilt angle. 0. 18 0. It include antenna gain calculator, Antenna G/T ratio calculator, coaxial. 15 0. GPS Locate and Picture functions included. Downtilt Calculator - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. Enter the Height above average terrain Required9 Weight Type No. Click for more. The beam downtilt below the horizon is adjusted by rotating the hex socket located at the bottom of the antenna - Figure 5). Wide Profile Antenna Downtilt Mounting Kit for 4. xls), PDF File (. Acoustics Unpacked. Enter the required frequency in MHz, the velocity factor of the coax. Calculations: Antenna Downtilt. The polar plot in Figure 5 illustrates the effect phase shifting has on the direction of the main lobe. The picture shows the development of the 8,65 m long 144-MHz-OWL- Yagi with 14 elements. The BSA-M65R-BUU-H6 from Communication Components Inc is a Antenna with Frequency 698 MHz to 2. This particular antenna was designed to be Omnidirectional with a peak gain at 2. It also provides, given a beamwidth, the inner and outer radii of beam's coverage. Always on Time. 15 0. During assessment, the proposed method is compared with traditional approaches of estimating cell range. Pasternack's Power Density Calculator is designed to give the power density, in Watts per square meter, at a given distance, output power and antenna gain. angles = 1×2 147 287. Ourtheoretical and numericalresults demonstrate that the performance of the cellular network can be improved significantly using the optimal antenna downtilt. Manual Electrical Tilt (MET) Control A colored knob at the end of the tilt indicator allows change of the tilt without need of a tool. The 5G New Thinking Rural Toolkit (5GNT) is a practical guide for rural and poorly-connected communities who are considering building and operating their own next-generation communications networks. EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. - Pi Attenuator Calculator. The most interesting part of the antenna pattern when it comes to tilting. HAAT Enter 10. The APXVAA4L18_43-U-NA20 from RFSpin is a 12-Port, Hex-Band Antenna with a frequency range from 617-894 MHz (2 bands) and 1695-2690 MHz (4 bands). The Antenna downtilt angle calculator calculates distance from tilt angle and tilt angle from horizon distance. This paper focuses on the impact of antenna downtilt for closely placed cells. Numerically solvable expressions are derived for such optimal antenna downtilt, which is a function of the BS density. 9GHz (3. -179 5. Result. With the proliferation of digital phased arrays in commercial and aerospace and defense applications, there are many engineers working on various aspects of the design who have limited. This paper has proposed a user-density-based coverage optimization technique for ultra-dense cellular networks. Antenna Downtilt Calculator. The above table shows the inner and outer - 3dB radius for different tower lengths as the total downtilt angle (mechanical + electrical) is increased. 0° Downtilt (mechanical) DT[mech] = 1. Reset. 0 (2 units) Connector 2 x 4. Note: Equation 1 below uses linear power units (mW/W), while Equation 2 uses dBm/dBW. 4. : Upper 3 dB beamwidth horizon 14. The results presented by this calculator are based on input values and basic theoretical principles of wireless. Learn how to plan for antenna downtilt and how to ensure installations are done correctly. September 2022; wood stove emissions comparison; team associated dr10m manualThe invention discloses an antenna downtilt angle calculation method and device based on knowledge distillation and a storage medium. 6th Central Pay Commission salary calculator. ANTENNA DOWNTILT COVERAGE CALCULATOR. The free space path loss is the loss in signal strength of a signal as it travels through free space. Enter the transmitted power, cable loss and antenna gain to calculate the EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power). Electrical downtilt is another method for tilting a sector antenna’s vertical pattern without physically tilting the. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare impacts of mechanical and electrical downtilt angles of antenna systems to the downlink performance of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. Kit contains one scissor top bracket set and one bottom bracket set. An omnidirectional antenna receives or transmits signals in all horizontal directions. "The Telewave ANT450D6-9-4DT series consists of 4-element dipolearray antennas with a precision phasing harness for optimumperformance. This is certainly a point of difference with other enterprise vendors who are using higher gain omni-directional antennas. ADT=tan−1(hT−hRD)ADT=tan−1(hT−hRD) Router=hT−hRtan(ADT−θBW)2Router=hT−hRtan(ADT−θBW)2 Rinner=hT−hRtan(ADT+θBW)2Rinner=hT−hRtan(ADT+θBW)2 Where: ADTADT= antenna downtilt in degrees hThT= height of the transmitting antenna hRhR= height of the receving ant…This radio horizon vs. Frequency. Turning the hex socket in a clockwise direction increases the beam downtilt below the horizon. Reset. 0 Tutorial Legal disclaimer: This calculator is designed to be an informational and educational tool. antenna downtilt. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. Following table provides links to useful Wireless converters and calculators. 49 km Over horizon 2º 291 m 745 m Over horizon 3º 243 m 496 m Over horizon 4º 209 m 372 m 1. RF calculations and RF conversions include metric-standard, link budget, coax cable, power, attenuation, frequency and many more. EIRP Calculator. 11n/ac 4x4:4 MU-MIMO Dual Radio Antenna Connectors AP Add PoE injector or AC adapter, antennas JW186A Aruba AP-325 802. It also mentions formula or equations used in Do my homework for me. One means for this, already used in 2G systems, is adjusting the downtilt of the antennas in a way, reducing the interference transmitted and received as much as possible, still ensuring the. 7 Complements of Jack Daniel Co: : 1-800-NON-TOLLFor directional antennas, mechanical downtilt is often used. However, deploying huge number of antennas in both transmitters and receivers was a great challenge in the past few years. Turning the hex socket in an anti-clockwise direction decreases the beam downtilt below the horizon. Data is based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. Wilson, IEEE 07803-0673-2/92, Vehicular Technology Conference 1992. 4GHz, 5GHz and/or 6GHz concurrently. 63. Special Antenna Systems Inside Self-supporting GRP Cylinders; Relay Receiving Antennas. Same-day shipping if you order in the next hours!. >>>>> DOWNLOAD: Rectangular patch antenna design calculator Coaxial-fed rectangular patch antenna – Ansys Optics. 12 mi. The received signal power in a cell can be increased with proper antenna tilt, causing a significant improvement in signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the cell edge. 4 - 4. Enter the distance between two antennas and their heights to calculate the down tilt angle. Find out more about Cambium Networks: TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic Mode) Wavelength Calculator allows you to determine the wavelength (in millimeters) inside a rectangular waveguide given the frequency and dielectric constant (or VoP) of the input signal. The Antenna CalculatorforHalf-Wave Dipoles. Abstract The adjustment of the vertical tilt angle of Base Station (BS) antennas, also known as Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) optimization, is a simple and efficient method ofMillimeter-wave (mmWave) communication plays a significant role in 5G networks. 4 miles) Therefore for 1 degree of downtilt, your main beam. 11 0. 20 Over Horizon Over Horizon 4 0. 5 in (60 - 115 mm) OD round members. 19031304. A method for measuring an antenna downtilt angle based on a deep instance segmentation network is disclosed, including: shooting an omni-directional antenna video using a drone; and transmitting the antenna video to a server in real time, and the server measuring an antenna downtilt angle in real time using a deep learning algorithm, the. Calculations: Antenna Downtilt. xls), PDF File (. Free Space Path Loss Calculator. 901' (default) 'isotropic' Antenna element radiation pattern as described in TR 38. HAAT degrees; Vertical -3 dB beamwidth degrees; Downtilt below horizon mi. 14. Base Antenna Height (H b) ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR 855-276-5772 I kpperformance. Line of Sight Calculator. The array has 64 antenna elements arranged in 8-by-8 configuration and is used as a 5G mobile base station antenna at 28 GHz. Transmitter Height. The above table shows the inner and outer - 3dB radius for different tower lengths as the total downtilt angle (mechanical + electrical) is increased. Enter the Vertical Beamwidth ° (degree). ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR 855-276-5772 I kpperformance. The 5G New Thinking (5GNT) DCMS funded 5G T&T project commenced in May 2020, this will be building upon the many achievements and learnings gained from the 5G RuralFirst (5GRF) project Phase 1 and Phase 2, which ran from June 2018 up until September 2019. 23 mi 0. 4025 mm square and is spaced a half-wavelength at 28. Antenna Downtilt Angle Calculator. JW184A Aruba AP-324 802. 4 GHz frequency band, and will show a homebrew example of each. 0°The calculator is a spreadsheet that accepts VSWR specifications for all the components in your RF Path—tower mounted amplifiers, diplexers, bias tees, etc. In general, the antenna downtilt of the base station (BS) determines the beamforming direction in both. 5 °). Pasternack's Antenna Downtilt Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, 1. Dipole Antenna Length Calculator. 1 (h4) 1) Locate the furthest point on the roof within the sector coverage angle 3) What is the height of the obstruction. Three of the most common vertically polarized omnidirectional antennas are the half wavelength dipole, the quarter wavelength ground plane, and the collinear array. APXVAA4L18_43-U-NA20. Turning the hex socket in an anti-clockwise direction decreases the beam downtilt below the horizon. Fresnel Zone Calculator. Kit contains one scissor top bracket set and one bottom bracket set. An Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator, or Antenna Tilt Calculator, aids the user by providing an approximate downward angle for installing a directional…of using antenna downtilt in traditional hexagonal 3D cellular networks in [17]. 4 GHz. EIRP Calculator. Capacitance pF. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. S. EIRP, or effective isotropically radiated power, or equivalent isotropically radiated power, is a measurement of output power in one direction from an ideal, one dimensional source. 2899x500=28645 feet (5. Antenna Downtilt Calculator - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. 51 in (115 - 140 mm) OD round members. - Tee Attenuator. Figure-4 depicts difference between mechanical tilt and electrical tilt with respect to radiation pattern. In the video below, we explain how to calculate the coverage area of the antenna, taking into account the height of the antenna and its radiation characteristics. ANT-ASI4518R10-1966 Datasheet_new Hex Band Antenna - Free download as PDF File (. Item #TELANT450D6-9-4DT. Numerically solvable expressions are derived for such optimal antenna downtilt, which is a function of the BS density. 12 0. Frequency (GHz) Calculate. Direitos autorais: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) Formatos disponíveis. For the antenna architecture of 8H4V or 16H4V, the antenna electrical downtilt is fixed to 6°. Click Ok. txt) or read online for free. The knob color is identicalDistance from front of antenna to parapet wall or edge of roof : Electrical or Mechanical Downtilt of Antenna (in degrees): Vertical beamwidth of antenna (in degrees): Height of parapet wall (leave blank if none): HEIGHT NEEDED TO CLEAR EDGE: Antenna Placement Distance Calculator 40 feet 4 deg 6 deg 4 feet 8. 5 in (60 - 115 mm) OD round members. Whip Antenna Calculator. In mechanical tilt. The Tee attenuator (T-pad) is a specific type of attenuator circuit which resembles the shape of the letter "T". Radiation Resistance Ω. Data is based on the use of half-wave dipole antennas. You may enter custom values, or choose from a list of commonly used materials. However, the key to selecting an antenna gain is to meet signal coverage. [bw, angles] = beamwidth (hx,1. Downtilt kit ASMDT0F01 Mechanical downtilt: 0 - 8 3. Jump to Page . ca Antenna Height: 75ft Antenna Beamwidth: 7° Downtilt (°) Inner Radius (miles/km) Outer Radius (miles/km) 0 0. This calculator will determine the correct antenna downtilt angle given the heights of the antennas and distance between them. 9. The Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the transmitting antenna is to be positioned for optimal signal strength and coverage. 이웃추가. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. In general, there exists a height difference between a BS and a UE in practical networks. In this paper, we model a mmWave multicell network with three-dimensional (3D) large-scale antenna arrays, including the path loss and inter-cell interference. Fiberglass housing: The grey fiberglass radomes of these antennas are very stable and extraordinarily stiff. The tilt angle or distance can be calculated by providing the base antenna height Hb, remote antenna height Hr and either the tilt angle or. Uses the 4. The ideal point-source radiates electromagnetic energy in a spherical pattern, so the "maximum" radiated power should be the same in all directions. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. By utilizing antenna tilt, signal reception within a cell can be improved and interference radiation towards other cells can be effectively reduced, which leads to a higher signal-to. Conical Horn Antenna Gain Calculator. Enter the system Frequency in MHz and then click the 'Calculate' button. Fairview Microwave's Waveguide Calculator provides the cutoff frequency, operating frequency range and closest waveguide size for a rectangular waveguide based on the custom inputted broad wall width. The electrical tilt is usually fixed at a set angle at the time of manufacture. Open navigation menuDowntilt can be accomplished using the following methods: Mechanical downtilt: This process involves physically adjusting an antenna’s pole-mount brackets, using a digital level set against the back of the antenna to obtain an accurate measurement. However, the radiation in the plane will be very less because of the cancellation in the direction joining the center. In this paper, we verify the effect of antenna downtilt angle on channel capacity through simulations of four fixed antenna downtilt angles, 90, 96, 99, and 102 degrees under the conditions that the. For the antenna architecture of 8H4V or 16H4V, the antenna electrical downtilt is fixed to 6°. The results show the need for small to no downtilt in coverage-limited scenarios, otherwise (for the case of close placement of cells), downtilt improves performance significantly. 14. FLAT EARTH! Enter 100. You can design standalone antennas and build arrays of antennas using predefined elements with parameterized geometry, arbitrary planar structures, or custom 3D structures described with STL files. Following table provides links to useful Wireless converters and calculators. Antenna vertical. Antenna Downtilt After you enter your parameters (such as access points, antennas, cables, etc. 0009, thickness 0. The degree of acceptable mechanical downtilt is a function of the antenna’s height ( aperture ), and the tolerable amount of blooming should not exceed 10%. S. Numerically solvable expressions are derived for such optimal antenna downtilt, which is a function of the BS density. Anonymous XKMLJK0u. Height 26 m Antenna Vertical beam 6. There is a phase shifter for a single array of 16H2V antennas. Analog To Digital Converter Battery Charge Discharge and Series / Parallel Capacitor Energy Inductor Design Tool Resistor. A normal base station antenna may lose. This calculator on the whip antenna mentions formula or equations used for calculations. Earlier works showed this for 3-sectored sites in uplink and downtilt directions [8]. This value is usually calculated by discounting any obstacles or reflections that might occur in its path. The distance between the bottom of theantenna coverage calculator. 72%. Ant. Total Link. Whip Antenna Calculator. In this paper, a method for coverage optimization using base station antenna electrical tilt in. 53 - 5. Jump to Page . communications systems. txt) or read online for free. Figure-4 depicts difference between mechanical tilt and electrical tilt with respect to radiation pattern. Loss increases with distance, so understanding the FSPL is an essential parameter for engineers dealing with RF communications systems. Downtilt antennas are used a lot in cellular and PCS applications. Formula: Radius=Height/[tan(Downtilt Angle ± Beamwidth/2) * 5280] 866. Use the manufacturer's stated velocity factor for the cable you plan to use. Allows Beam Downtilt. Reset. Antenna Downtilt Calculator. In short, these antennas talk well mountaintop-to-mountaintop, but not down to the highway, where they are needed. Antenna Design Ysis And Simulation 2017 11 29. This 45° dual polarized antenna provides a gain of up to 17. FLAT EARTH! feet, Antenna Ht. Besides the downward angle, this tool will also give you the inner and outer radii of coverage given the antenna's beamwidth. The results presented by this calculator are based on input values and basic theoretical principles of wireless. Antenna tilt is one of the most important performance tuning parameters of a cellular network, since it has a strong impact on the inter-site interference level in the system. Download. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. 6214 miles. 17 1. Frequency. The formula utilized by the Downtilt Calculator is: Downtilt Angle (θ) = arctan((H2 – H1) / D) Where: θ: Represents the downtilt angle in degrees. 27 mi. You may enter custom values, or choose from a list of commonly used materials. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. 91138 feet Antenna. RF Calculator for Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program V 8. 7 to 17. ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR 855-276-5772 I kpperformance. Turning the hex socket in a clockwise direction increases the beam downtilt below the horizon. DOI: 10. As with the phased array antenna, electrical downtilt works by adjusting the phase shifters, which alters the panel’s array factor. See full list on allaboutcircuits. 5:1. These multiple solutions are possible because each contributor is a vector having both. Here is a list of some of the calculators in this app: Attenuator Calculators. The above formula can be used to calculate the downtilt angle to align the base and the remote antennas for optimal signal strength. Note: If you select a waveguide size from the dropdown below, the broad wall width will be automatically calculated along with the other results. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. antennas (BSAs). the power pattern of an antenna plots the transmitted or received power for a given radius. 60934Km , 1 Km = 0. Antenna Coverage. 4-port sector antenna, 4x 1695–2690 MHz, 65° HPBW. 11 0. If the SWR is over 1. Downtilt Calculator a. Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator; Power Added Efficiency Calculator; Balanced Attenuator. Change the Az Range and El Range to 0:0. 18 0. 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. report 1 draft 1. ° (degree) Inner Coverage Radius. This calculator will determine the correct antenna downtilt angle given the heights of the antennas and the distance between them. MIMO system with large number of antennas, referred to as large MIMO or massive MIMO, has drawn increased attention as they enable significant throughput and coverage improvement in LTE-Advanced networks. 60934Km , 1 Km = 0. #DIV/0!optimized antenna downtilt angle and the ideal optimal antenna downtilt angle when the discount rate of Q-learning algorithm is 0. Press Releases. **Note: Like our microstrip line impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. 63 mi 2. Main site navigation. IEEE defines it as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed as a power ratio. 3. Antenna Near Field Distance Calculator. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. Tags: Tri-Sector. rakhonde. xls), PDF File (. Antenna angles include the azimuth and downtilt angles, which are formed between an antenna and the north and horizontal directions, respectively. It assumes there is nothing between the radio signals and the antenna horizon. Their low profile design, often square or rectangular, allows them to be mounted to flat surfaces. Find out more about Cambium Networks:. 5 mm sheet of dielectric material (dielectric constant = 2. Note: If you select a waveguide size from the dropdown below, the broad wall width will be automatically calculated along with the other results. pdf), Text File (. Detailed information about broadcast antenna terms. Evaluated and compare impacts of mechanical and electrical downtilt angles of antenna systems to the downlink performance of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE. The antenna is side mounted on a 20 foot tower. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. Figure 4: Antenna Polarization. Nice antenna coverage calculator from All About Circuits. Tilt indicator(s) are covered by removable transparent cap(s). For example, suppose you have another antenna pattern in an Excel file as shown, a 1. 20 Over Horizon Over Horizon 4 0. Electrical Tilt. 1109/VETECF. Same-day shipping if you order in the next hours!. 2. Line of Sight Calculator. Antenna Beamwidth Coverage Calculator Emc Directory. Nikhil Thakur. 3. The Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the transmitting antenna is to be positioned for optimal signal strength and coverage. (Note that TR 38. The reference for antenna gain is the (fictional) isotropic radiator, a point source; the power theoretically transferred between two isotropic antennas separated by distance d in free space can be expressed by Pr / Pt = (1 / 4p d ^2) * (l^2 / 4p) = (l / 4pd )^2 where the first factor (1 / 4p d ^2) accounts for dilution of the spatial density. Cavalcanti Abstract— Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced has An. You are on page 1 of 2. It also provides, given a beamwidth, the inner and outer radii of beam's coverage. Tilt Calculator Widget. For further information on this formula, please review the figure below. 18 0. This configurator will generate a bill of materials for a Constellation power delivery system. The Antenna Near Field ,Far Field Distance Calculator will calculate the distance of the three main EM (electromagnetic) fields which surround an antenna, as well as estimate the wavelength of the antenna at a given frequency. Wireless Converters and Calculators. Reflection Calculator; References. Diameter (D) of Antenna m. dBm to Watt: Tool to convert the dBm to Watt unit 3. The antenna electrical downtilt (1) 8H4V/16H4V: Only the digital downtilt is can be adjustedCompared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. 3-10 Female Accessories Item Model Description Weight Units per antenna Downtilt kit ASMDT0C01 Mechanical downtilt:0 - 8 ° 2. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator figures out the length and width of a rectangular patch antenna. Remote. 85010008 1 downtilt kit Downtilt angle: 0° – 8° 6. This article will briefly discuss all three in the context of Wi-Fi communications in the 2. Parabolic Reflector Antenna Gain. EIRP Calculator. Against this backdrop, we analyze the performance of the UAV-enabled heterogeneous networks, where antenna downtilt at each UAV-mounted base station (BS) is employed to mitigate inter. ° (degree) Inner Coverage Radius. 17 1. *Results of this calculation are to be used simply. Antenna beam tilting techniques are commonly used to deploy small cells with reduced coverage compared than macrocells. Calculate. This is changing now that antennas with adjustable electrical tilt are being introduced. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making them cost effective. iPhone. Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator This calculator will determine the correct antenna downtilt angle given the heights of the antennas and distance between them. 37 km Over Horizon Over Horizon 1 0. Formula for Antenna Downtilt Angle Calculator. Conical gain horn antennas are used in a variety of applications due to their high power handling capability constant electrical performance across a broad bandwidth. Search inside document . Whip Antenna Calculator. This Whip Antenna calculator calculates various parameters of whip antenna or monopole antenna. Turning the hex socket in a clockwise direction increases the beam downtilt below the horizon. 3D MIMO introduces the vertical dimension of the antenna downtilt angle to make the direction of signal transmission more accurate to improve system capacity. Table 3. Wide Profile Antenna Downtilt Mounting Kit for 2. ca Antenna Height: 75ft Antenna Beamwidth: 7° Downtilt (°) Inner Radius (miles/km) Outer Radius (miles/km) 0 0.